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Civil Service Mains Optional AGRICULTURE

AGRICULTURE


PAPER - I

Ecology and its relevance to man, natural
resources, their sustainable management
and conservation. Physical and social en-vironment as factors of crop distribution
and production. Agro ecology; cropping
pattern as indicators of environments. En-vironmental pollution and associated haz-ards to crops, animals and humans. Cli-mate change – International conventions
and global initiatives. Green house effect
and global warming. Advance tools for eco-system analysis – Remote sensing (RS)
and Geographic Information Systems
(GIS).
Cropping patterns in different agro-climatic
zones of the country. Impact of high-yield-ing and short-duration varieties on shifts in
cropping patterns. Concepts of various
cropping and farming systems. Organic
and Precision farming. Package of prac-tices for production of important cereals,
pulses, oil seeds, fibres, sugar, commer-cial and fodder crops.
Important features and scope of various
types of forestry plantations such as social
forestry, agro-forestry, and natural forests.
Propagation of forest plants. Forest prod-ucts. Agro forestry and value addition. Con-servation of forest flora and fauna.
Weeds, their characteristics, dissemination
and association with various crops; their
multiplications; cultural, biological, and
chemical control of weeds.
Soil- physical, chemical and biological
properties. Processes and factors of soil
formation. Soils of India. Mineral and or-ganic constituents of soils and their role in
maintaining soil productivity. Essential
plant nutrients and other beneficial ele-ments in soils and plants. Principles of soil
fertility, soil testing and fertilizer recommen-dations, integrated nutrient management.
Biofertilizers. Losses of nitrogen in soil, ni-trogen-use efficiency in submerged rice
soils, nitrogen fixation in soils. Efficient
phosphorus and potassium use. Problem
soils and their reclamation. Soil factors af-fecting greenhouse gas emission.
Soil conservation, integrated watershed
management. Soil erosion and its manage-ment. Dry land agriculture and its problems.
Technology for stabilizing agriculture pro-duction in rain fed areas.
Water-use efficiency in relation to crop pro-duction, criteria for scheduling irrigations,
ways and means of reducing run-off losses
of irrigation water. Rainwater harvesting.
Drip and sprinkler irrigation. Drainage of
waterlogged soils, quality of irrigation wa-ter, effect of industrial effluents on soil and
water pollution. Irrigation projects in India.
Farm management, scope, importance and
characteristics, farm planning. Optimum
resource use and budgeting. Economics
of different types of farming systems. Mar-keting management – strategies for devel-opment, market intelligence. Price fluctua-tions and their cost; role of co-operatives
in agricultural economy; types and systems
of farming and factors affecting them. Agri-cultural price policy. Crop Insurance.
Agricultural extension, its importance and
role, methods of evaluation of extension
programmes, socio-economic survey and
status of big, small and marginal farmers
and landless agricultural labourers. Train-ing programmes for extension workers.
Role of Krishi Vigyan Kendra’s (KVK) in
dissemination of Agricultural technologies.
Non Government Organization (NGO) and
self-help group approach for rural devel-opment.


PAPER - II

Cell structure, function and cell cycle. Syn-thesis, structure and function of genetic
material. Laws of heredity. Chromosome
structure, chromosomal aberrations, link-age and cross-over, and their significance
in recombination breeding. Polyploidy,
euploids and aneuploids. Mutations - and
their role in crop improvement. Heritability,
sterility and incompatibility, classification
and their application in crop improvement.
Cytoplasmic inheritance, sex-linked, sex-influenced and sex-limited characters.
History of plant breeding. Modes of repro-duction, selfing and crossing techniques.
Origin, evolution and domestication of crop
plants, center of origin, law of homologous
series, crop genetic resources- conserva-tion and utilization. Application of principles
of plant breeding, improvement of crop
plants. Molecular markers and their appli-cation in plant improvement. Pure-line se-lection, pedigree, mass and recurrent se-lections, combining ability, its significance
in plant breeding. Heterosis and its ex-ploitation. Somatic hybridization. Breeding
for disease and pest resistance. Role of
interspecific and intergeneric hybridization.
Role of genetic engineering and biotech-nology in crop improvement. Genetically
modified crop plants.
Seed production and processing technolo-gies. Seed certification, seed testing and
storage. DNA finger printing and seed reg-istration. Role of public and private sec-tors in seed production and marketing. In-tellectual Property Rights (IPR) issues,
WTO issues and its impact on Agriculture.
Principles of Plant Physiology with refer-ence to plant nutrition, absorption, translo-cation and metabolism of nutrients. Soil -water- plant relationship.

Enzymes and plant pigments; photosyn-thesis- modern concepts and factors affect-ing the process, aerobic and anaerobic
respiration; C
3, C
4
and CAM mechanisms.
Carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism.
Growth and development; photoperiodism
and vernalilzation. Plant growth sub-stances and their role in crop production.
Physiology of seed development and ger-mination; dormancy. Stress physiology –
draught, salt and water stress.
Major fruits, plantation crops, vegetables,
spices and flower crops. Package prac-tices of major horticultural crops. Protected
cultivation and high tech horticulture. Post
harvest technology and value addition of
fruits and vegetables. Landscaping and
commercial floriculture. Medicinal and aro-matic plants. Role of fruits and vegetables
in human nutrition.
Diagnosis of pests and diseases of field
crops, vegetables, orchard and plantation
crops and their economic importance. Clas-sification of pests and diseases and their
management. Integrated pest and disease
management. Storage pests and their
management. Biological control of pests
and diseases. Epidemiology and forecast-ing of major crop pests and diseases. Plant
quarantine measures. Pesticides, their for-mulation and modes of action.
Food production and consumption trends
in India. Food security and growing popu-lation – vision 2020. Reasons for grain
surplus. National and international food
policies. Production, procurement, distri-bution constraints. Availability of food
grains, per capita expenditure on food.
Trends in poverty, Public Distribution Sys-tem and Below Poverty Line population,
Targeted Public Distribution System (PDS),
policy implementation in context to global-ization. Processing constraints. Relation of
food production to National Dietary Guide-lines and food consumption pattern. Food
based dietary approaches to eliminate
hunger. Nutrient deficiency – Micro nutri-ent deficiency : Protein Energy Malnutri-tion or Protein Calorie Malnutrition (PEM
or PCM), Micro nutrient deficiency and
HRD in context of work capacity of women
and children. Food grain productivity and
food security.

Civil Service Mains Optional ANIMAL HUSBANDRY AND VETERINARY SCIENCE

ANIMAL HUSBANDRY AND VETERINARY SCIENCE


PAPER – I

1. Animal Nutrition:

1.1 Partitioning of food energy within the
animal. Direct and indirect calorimetry.
Carbon – nitrogen balance and compara-tive slaughter methods. Systems for ex-pressing energy value of foods in rumi-nants, pigs and poultry. Energy require-ments for maintenance, growth, pregnancy,
lactation, egg, wool, and meat production.

1.2 Latest advances in protein nutrition.
Energy protein interrelationships. Evalua-tion of protein quality. Use of NPN com-pounds in ruminant diets. Protein require-ments for maintenance, growth, preg-nancy, lactation, egg, wool and meat pro-duction.

1.3 Major and trace minerals - Their
sources, physiological functions and defi-ciency symptoms. Toxic minerals. Mineral
interactions. Role of fat-soluble and water
– soluble vitamins in the body, their sources
and deficiency symptoms.

1.4Feed additives – methane inhibitors,
probiotics, enzymes, antibiotics, hormones,
oligosaccharides, antioxidants, emulsifiers,
mould inhibitors, buffers etc. Use and abuse
of growth promoters like hormones and
antibiotics – latest concepts.

1.5 Conservation of fodders. Storage of
feeds and feed ingredients. Recent ad-vances in feed technology and feed pro-cessing. Anti – nutritional and toxic factors
present in livestock feeds. Feed analysis
and quality control. Digestibility trials – di-rect, indirect and indicator methods. Pre-dicting feed intake in grazing animals.

1.6 Advances in ruminant nutrition. Nutri-

ent requirements. Balanced rations. Feed-ing of calves, pregnant, work animals and
breeding bulls. Strategies for feeding milch
animals during different stages of lactation
cycle. Effect of feeding on milk composi-tion. Feeding of goats for meat and milk
production. Feeding of sheep for meat and
wool production.

1.7 Swine Nutrition. Nutrient requirements.
Creep, starter, grower and finisher rations.
Feeding of pigs for lean meat production.
Low cost rations for swine.

1.8 Poultry nutrition. Special features of
poultry nutrition. Nutrient requirements for
meat and egg production. Formulation of
rations for different classes of layers and
broilers.



2. Animal Physiology:

2.1 Physiology of blood and its circulation,
respiration; excretion. Endocrine glands in
health and disease.
2.2 Blood constituents - Properties and
functions-blood cell formation-Haemoglo-bin synthesis and chemistry-plasma pro-teins production, classification and prop-erties, coagulation of blood;Haemorrhagic
disorders-anticoagulants-blood groups-Blood volume-Plasma expanders-Buffer
systems in blood. Biochemical tests and
their significance in disease diagnosis.

2.3 Circulation - Physiology of heart, car-diac cycle, heart sounds, heart beat, elec-trocardiograms. Work and efficiency of
heart-effect of ions on heart function-me-tabolism of cardiac muscle, nervous and
chemical regulation of heart, effect of tem-perature and stress on heart, blood pres-sure and hypertension, osmotic regulation,
arterial pulse, vasomotor regulation of cir-culation, shock. Coronary and pulmonary
circulation, Blood-Brain barrier- Cere-brospinal fluid- circulation in birds.

2.4 Respiration - Mechanism of respira-tion, Transport and exchange of gases –
neural control of respiration-chemo-recep-tors-hypoxia-respiration in birds.

2.5 Excretion-Structure and function of kid-ney-formation of urine-methods of study-ing renal function-renal regulation of acid-base balance: physiological constituents
of urine-renal failure-passive venous con-gestion-Urinary secretion in chicken-Sweat
glands and their function. Bio-chemical test
for urinary dysfunction.

2.6 Endocrine glands - Functional disor-ders their symptoms and diagnosis. Syn-thesis of hormones, mechanism and con-trol of secretion- hormonal receptors-clas-sification and function.

2.7 Growth and Animal Production- Pre-natal and postnatal growth, maturation,
growth curves, measures of growth, fac-tors affecting growth, conformation, body
composition, meat quality.

2.8 Physiology of Milk Production, Repro-duction and Digestion- Current status of
hormonal control of mammary develop-ment, milk secretion and milk ejection, Male
and Female reproductive organs, their
components and functions. Digestive or-gans and their functions.

2.9 Environmental Physiology- Physiologi-cal relations and their regulation; mecha-nisms of adaptation, environmental factors
and regulatory mechanisms involved in
animal behaviour, climatology – various
parameters and their importance. Animal
ecology. Physiology of behaviour. Effect
of stress on health and production.

3. Animal Reproduction:
Semen quality- Preservation and Artificial
Insemination- Components of semen, com-position of spermatozoa, chemical and
physical properties of ejaculated semen,
factors affecting semen in vivo and in vitro.
Factors affecting semen production and
quality, preservation, composition of
diluents, sperm concentration, transport of
diluted semen. Deep freezing techniques
in cows, sheep, goats, swine and poultry.
Detection of oestrus and time of insemina-tion for better conception. Anoestrus and
repeat breeding.




4. Livestock Production and Manage-ment:

4.1 Commercial Dairy Farming- Compari-son of dairy farming in India with advanced
countries. Dairying under mixed farming
and as specialized farming, economic
dairy farming. Starting of a dairy farm, Capi-tal and land requirement, organization of
the dairy farm. Opportunities in dairy farm-ing, factors determining the efficiency of
dairy animal. Herd recording, budgeting,
cost of milk production, pricing policy; Per-sonnel Management. Developing Practi-cal and Economic rations for dairy cattle;
supply of greens throughout the year, feed
and fodder requirements of Dairy Farm.
Feeding regimes for young stock and bulls,
heifers and breeding animals; new trends
in feeding young and adult stock; Feeding
records.

4.2 Commercial meat, egg and wool pro-duction- Development of practical and eco-nomic rations for sheep, goats, pigs, rab-bits and poultry. Supply of greens, fodder,
feeding regimes for young and mature
stock. New trends in enhancing produc-tion and management. Capital and land
requirements and socio-economic con-cept.

4.3 Feeding and management of animals
under drought, flood and other natural ca-lamities.

5. Genetics and Animal Breeding:
History of animal genetics. Mitosis and
Meiosis: Mendelian inheritance; deviations
to Mendelian genetics; Expression of
genes; Linkage and crossing over; Sex
determination, sex influenced and sex lim-ited characters; Blood groups and polymor-phism; Chromosome aberrations; Cyto-plasmic inheritance. Gene and its struc-ture; DNA as a genetic material; Genetic
code and protein synthesis; Recombinant
DNA technology. Mutations, types of mu-tations, methods for detecting mutations
and mutation rate. Trans-genesis.

5.1 Population Genetics applied to Animal
Breeding- Quantitative Vs. qualitative traits;
Hardy Weinberg Law; Population Vs. indi-vidual; Gene and genotypic frequency;
Forces changing gene frequency; Random
drift and small populations; Theory of path
coefficient; Inbreeding, methods of estimat-ing inbreeding coefficient, systems of in-breeding, Effective population size; Breed-ing value, estimation of breeding value,
dominance and epistatic deviation; Parti-tioning of variation; Genotype X environ-ment correlation and genotype X environ-ment interaction; role of multiple measure-ments; Resemblance between relatives.

5.2 Breeding Systems- Breeds of livestsock
and Poultry. Heritability, repeatability and
genetic and phenotypic correlations, their
methods of estimation and precision of es-timates; Aids to selection and their relative
merits; Individual, pedigree, family and
within family selection; Progeny testing;
Methods of selection; Construction of se-lection indices and their uses; Compara-tive evaluation of genetic gains through
various selection methods; Indirect selec-tion and correlated response; Inbreeding,
out breeding, upgrading, cross-breeding
and synthesis of breeds; Crossing of in-bred lines for commercial production; Se-lection for general and specific combining
ability; Breeding for threshold characters.
Sire index.

6. Extension:
Basic philosophy, objectives, concept and
principles of extension. Different Methods
adopted to educate farmers under rural
conditions. Generation of technology, its
transfer and feedback. Problems and con-straints in transfer of technology. Animal
husbandry programmes for rural develop-ment.


PAPER – II

1. Anatomy, Pharmacology and Hygiene:

1.1 Histology and Histological Techniques:
Paraffin embedding technique of tissue
processing and H.E. staining - Freezing
microtomy- Microscopy-Bright field micro-scope and electron microscope. Cytology-structure of cell, organells and inclusions;
cell division-cell types- Tissues and their
classification-embryonic and adult tissues-Comparative histology of organs-Vascu-lar. Nervous, digestive, respiratory,
musculo- skeletal and urogenital systems-Endocrine glands -Integuments-sense or-gans.

1.2 Embryology – Embryology of verte-brates with special reference to aves and
domestic mammals gametogenesis-fertili-zation-germ layers- foetal membranes and
placentation-types of placenta in domestic
mammals-Teratology-twins and twinning-organogenesis -germ layer derivatives- en-dodermal, mesodermal and ectodermal
derivates.

1.3 Bovine Anatomy- Regional Anatomy:
Paranasal sinuses of OX- surface anatomy
of salivary glands. Regional anatomy of
infraorbital, maxillary, mandibuloal-veolar,mental and cornual nerve block.
Regional anatomy of paravertebral nerves,
pudendal nerve, median ulnar and radial
nerves-tibial,fibular and digital nerves-Cra-nial nerves-structures involved in epidural
anaesthesia-superficial lymph nodes-sur-face anatomy of visceral organs of thoracic,
abdominal and pelvic cavities-comparative
features of locomotor apparatus and their
application in the biomechanics of mam-malian body.

1.4 Anatomy of Fowl- Musculo-skeletal sys-tem-functional anatomy in relation to res-piration and flying, digestion and egg pro-duction.

1.5 Pharmacology and therapeutic drugs -Cellular level of pharmacodynamics and
pharmacokinetics. Drugs acting on fluids
and electrolyte balance. Drugs acting on
Autonomic nervous system. Modern con-cepts of anaesthesia and dissociative
anaesthetics. Autacoids. Antimicrobials
and principles of chemotherapy in micro-bial infections. Use of hormones in thera-peutics- chemotherapy of parasitic infec-tions. Drug and economic concerns in the
Edible tissues of animals- chemotherapy
of Neoplastic diseases. Toxicity due to in-secticides, plants, metals, non-metals,
zootoxins and mycotoxins.

1.6 Veterinary Hygiene with reference to
water, air and habitation - Assessment of
pollution of water, air and soil- Importance
of climate in animal health- effect of envi-ronment on animal function and perfor-mance-relationship between industrializa-tion and animal agriculture- animal hous-ing requirements for specific categories of
domestic animals viz. pregnant cows and
sows, milking cows, broiler birds- stress,
strain and productivity in relation to animal
habitation.

2. Animal Diseases:

2.1 Etiology, epidemiology pathogenesis,
symptoms, postmortem lesions, diagnosis,
and control of infectious diseases of cattle,
sheep and goat, horses, pigs and poultry.

2.2 Etiology, epidemiology, symptoms, di-agnosis, treatment of production diseases
of cattle, horse, pig and poultry.

2.3 Deficiency diseases of domestic ani-mals and birds.

2.4 Diagnosis and treatment of non-spe-cific conditions like impaction, Bloat, Diar-rhoea, Indigestion, dehydration, stroke,
poisoning.

2.5 Diagnosis and treatment of neurologi-cal disorders.

2.6 Principles and methods of immuniza-tion of animals against specific diseases-herd immunity- disease free zones- ‘zero’
disease concept- chemoprophylaxis.

2.7 Anaesthesia- local, regional and gen-eral-preanesthetic medication. Symptoms
and surgical interference in fractures and
dislocation. Hernia, choking abomasal dis-placement- Caesarian operations. Ru-menotomy-Castrations.

2.8 Disease investigation techniques.-Materials for laboratory investigation- Es-tablishment of Animal Health Centers- Dis-ease free zone.

3. Veterinary Public Health:

3.1Zoonoses. - Classification, definition,
role of animals and birds in prevalence and
transmission of zoonotic diseases- occu-pational zoonotic diseases.

3.2 Epidemiology- Principle, definition of
epidemiological terms, application of epi-demiological measures in the study of dis-eases and disease control. Epidemiologi-cal features of air, water and food borne
infections. OIE regulations, WTO, sanitary
and phytosanitary measures.

3.3 Veterinary Jurisprudence- Rules and
Regulations for improvement of animal
quality and prevention of animal diseases
- State and central rules for prevention of
animal and animal product borne diseases-S P C A- Veterolegal cases- Certificates -Materials and Methods of collection of
samples for veterolegal investigation.

4. Milk and Milk Products Technology:

4.1 Market Milk: Quality, testing and grad-ing of raw milk. Processing, packaging,
storing, distribution, marketing, defects and
their control. Preparation of the following
milks: Pasteurized, standardized, toned,
double toned, sterilized, homogenized,
reconstituted, recombined and flavoured
milks. Preparation of cultured milks, cul-tures and their management, yoghurt,
Dahi, Lassi and Srikhand. Preparation of
flavoured and sterilized milks. Legal stan-dards. Sanitation requirement for clean and
safe milk and for the milk plant equipment.

4.2 Milk Products Technology: Selection
of raw materials, processing, storing , dis-tributing and marketing milk products such
as Cream, Butter, Ghee, Khoa, Channa,
Cheese, condensed, evaporated, dried
milk and baby food, Ice cream and Kulfi;
by-products, whey products, butter milk,
lactose and casein. Testing, grading, judg-ing milk products- BIS and Agmark specifi-cations, legal standards, quality control and
nutritive properties. Packaging, process-ing and operational control. Costing of
dairy products.

5. Meat Hygiene and Technology:

5.1 Meat Hygiene.

5.1.1 Ante mortem care and management
of food animals, stunning, slaughter and
dressing operations; abattoir requirements
and designs; Meat inspection procedures
and judgment of carcass meat cuts- grad-ing of carcass meat cuts- duties and func-tions of Veterinarians in wholesome meat
production.

5.1.2 Hygienic methods of handling pro-duction of meat- Spoilage of meat and con-trol measures- Post - slaughter physico-chemical changes in meat and factors that
influence them- Quality improvement meth-ods – Adulteration of meat and detection -Regulatory provisions in Meat trade and
Industry.

5.2 Meat Technology.

5.2.1 Physical and chemical characteris-tics of meat- Meat emulsions- Methods of
preservation of meat- Curing, canning, ir-radiation, packaging of meat and meat
products, processing and formulations.

5.3 By- products- Slaughter house by- prod-ucts and their utilization- Edible and ined-ible by products- Social and economic im-plications of proper utilization of slaughter
house by-products- Organ products for food
and pharmaceuticals.

5.4 Poultry Products Technology- Chemi-cal composition and nutritive value of poul-try meat, pre - slaughter care and manage-ment. Slaughtering techniques, inspection,
preservation of poultry meat and products.
Legal and BIS standards.
Structure, composition and nutritive value
of eggs. Microbial spoilage. Preservation
and maintenance. Marketing of poultry
meat, eggs and products. Value added
meat products.

5.5 Rabbit/Fur Animal farming - Rabbit
meat production. Disposal and utilization

of fur and wool and recycling of waste by
products. Grading of wool.

Civil Service Mains Optional ANTHROPOLOGY

ANTHROPOLOGY



PAPER - I

1.1Meaning, scope and development of
Anthropology.

1.2Relationships with other disciplines:
Social Sciences, Behavioural Sciences,
Life Sciences, Medical Sciences, Earth Sci-ences and Humanities.

1.3Main branches of Anthropology, their
scope and relevance:
(a) Social- cultural Anthropology.
(b) Biological Anthropology.
(c) Archaeological Anthropology.
(d) Linguistic Anthropology.

1.4Human Evolution and emergence of
Man:
(a) Biological and Cultural factors in hu-man evolution.
(b) Theories of Organic Evolution (Pre-Darwinian, Darwinian and Post-Dar-winian).
(c) Synthetic theory of evolution; Brief out-line of terms and concepts of evolu-tionary biology (Doll’s rule, Cope’s
rule, Gause’s rule, parallelism, con-vergence, adaptive radiation, and
mosaic evolution).

1.5Characteristics of Primates; Evolution-ary Trend and Primate Taxonomy; Primate
Adaptations; (Arboreal and Terrestrial) Pri-mate Taxonomy; Primate Behaviour; Ter-tiary and Quaternary fossil primates; Liv-ing Major Primates; Comparative Anatomy
of Man and Apes; Skeletal changes due to
erect posture and its implications.

1.6Phylogenetic status, characteristics and
geographical distribution of the following:
(a) Plio-pleistocene hominids in South
and East Africa - Australopithecines.
(b) Homo erectus: Africa (Paranthropus),
Europe (Homo erectus heidelber-gensis), Asia (Homo erectus
javanicus, Homo erectus pekinensis).
(c) Neanderthal Man- La-Chapelle-aux-saints (Classical type), Mt. Carmel (Pro-gressive type).
(d) Rhodesian man.
(e) Homo sapiens — Cromagnon,
Grimaldi and Chancelede.

1.7The biological basis of life: The Cell,
DNA structure and replication, Protein Syn-thesis, Gene, Mutation, Chromosomes,
and Cell Division.

1.8  (a)Principles of Prehistoric Archaeol-ogy. Chronology: Relative and Absolute
Dating methods.
(b)Cultural Evolution- Broad Outlines of
Prehistoric cultures:
(i) Paleolithic
(ii) Mesolithic
(iii) Neolithic
(iv) Chalcolithic
(v) Copper-Bronze Age
(vi) Iron Age

2.1  The Nature of Culture:The concept
and characteristics of culture and civiliza-tion; Ethnocentrism vis-à-vis cultural Rela-tivism.

2.2  The Nature of Society:Concept of Soci-ety; Society and Culture; Social Institutions;
Social groups; and Social stratification.

2.3  Marriage:Definition and universality;
Laws of marriage (endogamy, exogamy,
hypergamy, hypogamy, incest taboo);
Types of marriage (monogamy, polygamy,
polyandry, group marriage). Functions of
marriage; Marriage regulations (preferen-tial, prescriptive and proscriptive); Marriage
payments (bride wealth and dowry).

2.4 Family:Definition and universality;
Family, household and domestic groups;
functions of family; Types of family (from
the perspectives of structure, blood rela-tion, marriage, residence and succession);
Impact of urbanization, industrialization
and feminist movements on family.

2.5  Kinship:Consanguinity and Affinity;
Principles and types of descent (Unilineal,
Double, Bilateral, Ambilineal); Forms of
descent groups (lineage, clan, phratry, moi-ety and kindred); Kinship terminology (de-scriptive and classificatory); Descent, Fili-ation and Complimentary Filiation; De-scent and Alliance.

3.  Economic organization:Meaning,
scope and relevance of economic anthro-pology; Formalist and Substantivist debate;
Principles governing production, distribu-tion and exchange (reciprocity, redistribu-tion and market), in communities, subsist-ing on hunting and gathering, fishing,
swiddening, pastoralism, horticulture, and
agriculture; globalization and indigenous
economic systems.

4.  Political organization and Social Con-trol:Band, tribe, chiefdom, kingdom and
state; concepts of power, authority and le-gitimacy; social control, law and justice in
simple societies.

5. Religion:Anthropological approaches
to the study of religion (evolutionary, psy-chological and functional); monotheism
and polytheism; sacred and profane; myths
and rituals; forms of religion in tribal and
peasant societies (animism, animatism,
fetishism, naturism and totemism); religion,
magic and science distinguished; magico-religious functionaries (priest, shaman,
medicine man, sorcerer and witch).

6. Anthropological theories:
(a) Classical evolutionism (Tylor, Morgan
and Frazer)
(b) Historical particularism (Boas);
Diffusionism (British, German and
American)
(c) Functionalism (Malinowski); Struc-tural- functionlism (Radcliffe-Brown)
(d) Structuralism (L’evi - Strauss and E.
Leach)
(e) Culture and personality (Benedict,
Mead, Linton, Kardiner and Cora - du
Bois).
(f) Neo - evolutionism (Childe, White,
Steward, Sahlins and Service)
(g) Cultural materialism (Harris)
(h) Symbolic and interpretive theories
(Turner, Schneider and Geertz)
(i) Cognitive theories (Tyler, Conklin)
(j) Post- modernism in anthropology

7. Culture, language and communication:
Nature, origin and characteristics of lan-guage; verbal and non-verbal communi-cation; social context of language use.

8. Research methods in anthropology:
(a) Fieldwork tradition in anthropology
(b) Distinction between technique,
method and methodology
(c) Tools of data collection: observation,
interview, schedules, questionnaire,
Case study, genealogy, life-history,
oral history, secondary sources of in-formation, participatory methods.
(d) Analysis, interpretation and presenta-tion of data.

9.1 Human Genetics :Methods and Ap-plication: Methods for study of genetic prin-ciples in man-family study (pedigree analy-sis, twin study, foster child, co-twin method,
cytogenetic method, chromosomal and
karyo-type analysis), biochemical methods,
immunological methods, D.N.A. technol-ogy and recombinant technologies.

9.2Mendelian genetics in man-family
study, single factor, multifactor, lethal, sub-lethal and polygenic inheritance in man.

9.3Concept of genetic polymorphism and
selection, Mendelian population, Hardy-Weinberg law; causes and changes which
bring down frequency – mutation, isola-tion, migration, selection, inbreeding and
genetic drift. Consanguineous and non-consanguineous mating, genetic load, ge-netic effect of consanguineous and cousin
marriages.

9.4Chromosomes and chromosomal ab-errations in man, methodology.
(a) Numerical and structural aberrations
(disorders).
(b) Sex chromosomal aberrations –
Klinefelter (XXY), Turner (XO), Super
female (XXX), intersex and other
syndromic disorders.
(c) Autosomal aberrations – Down syn-drome, Patau, Edward and Cri-du-chat
syndromes.
(d) Genetic imprints in human disease,
genetic screening, genetic counseling,
human DNA profiling, gene mapping
and genome study.

9.5Race and racism, biological basis of
morphological variation of non-metric and
metric characters. Racial criteria, racial
traits in relation to heredity and environ-ment; biological basis of racial classifica-tion, racial differentiation and race cross-ing in man.

9.6Age, sex and population variation as
genetic marker- ABO, Rh blood groups,
HLA Hp, transferring, Gm, blood enzymes.
Physiological characteristics-Hb level,
body fat, pulse rate, respiratory functions
and sensory perceptions in different cul-tural and socio-economic groups.

9.7Concepts and methods of Ecological
Anthropology. Bio-cultural Adaptations –
Genetic and Non- genetic factors. Man’s
physiological responses to environmental
stresses: hot desert, cold, high altitude cli-mate.

9.8Epidemiological Anthropology: Health
and disease. Infectious and non-infectious
diseases. Nutritional deficiency related dis-eases.

10.Concept of human growth and devel-opment: stages of growth - pre-natal, na-tal, infant, childhood, adolescence, matu-rity, senescence.
- Factors affecting growth and develop-ment genetic, environmental, bio-chemical, nutritional, cultural and
socio-economic.
- Ageing and senescence. Theories and
observations - biological and chrono-logical longevity. Human physique and
somatotypes. Methodologies for
growth studies.

11.1Relevance of menarche, menopause
and other bioevents to fertility. Fertility pat-terns and differentials.

11.2Demographic theories- biological,
social and cultural.

11.3Biological and socio-ecological fac-tors influencing fecundity, fertility, natality
and mortality.

12.Applications of Anthropology: Anthro-pology of sports, Nutritional anthropology,
Anthropology in designing of defence and
other equipments, Forensic Anthropology,
Methods and principles of personal identi-fication and reconstruction, Applied human
genetics – Paternity diagnosis, genetic
counseling and eugenics, DNA technol-ogy in diseases and medicine,
serogenetics and cytogenetics in repro-ductive biology.


PAPER – II

1.1Evolution of the Indian Culture and Civi-lization — Prehistoric (Palaeolithic,
Mesolithic, Neolithic and Neolithic -Chalcolithic). Protohistoric (Indus Civiliza-tion): Pre- Harappan, Harappan and post-Harappan cultures. Contributions of tribal
cultures to Indian civilization.

1.2Palaeo – anthropological evidences
from India with special reference to Siwaliks
and Narmada basin (Ramapithecus,
Sivapithecus and Narmada Man).

1.3Ethno-archaeology in India : The con-cept of ethno-archaeology; Survivals and
Parallels among the hunting, foraging, fish-ing, pastoral and peasant communities in-cluding arts and crafts producing commu-nities.

2.Demographic profile of India — Ethnic and
linguistic elements in the Indian population
and their distribution. Indian population - fac-tors influencing its structure and growth.

3.1The structure and nature of traditional
Indian social system — Varnashram,
Purushartha, Karma, Rina and Rebirth.

3.2Caste system in India- structure and
characteristics, Varna and caste, Theories
of origin of caste system, Dominant caste,
Caste mobility, Future of caste system,
Jajmani system, Tribe- caste continuum.

3.3Sacred Complex and Nature- Man-Spirit Complex.

3.4Impact of Buddhism, Jainism, Islam and
Christianity on Indian society.
4.Emergence and growth of anthropology
in India-Contributions of the 18 th, 19 th and early 20 th
Century scholar-administrators.
Contributions of Indian anthropologists to
tribal and caste studies.

5.1Indian Village: Significance of village
study in India; Indian village as a social
system; Traditional and changing patterns
of settlement and inter-caste relations;
Agrarian relations in Indian villages; Im-pact of globalization on Indian villages.

5.2Linguistic and religious minorities and
their social, political and economic status.

5.3Indigenous and exogenous processes
of socio-cultural change in Indian society:
Sanskritization, Westernization, Moderni-zation; Inter-play of little and great tradi-tions; Panchayati raj and social change;
Media and social change.

6.1Tribal situation in India – Bio-genetic
variability, linguistic and socio-economic
characteristics of tribal populations and
their distribution.

6.2Problems of the tribal Communities —
land alienation, poverty, indebtedness, low
literacy, poor educational facilities, unem-ployment, underemployment, health and
nutrition.

6.3Developmental projects and their im-pact on tribal displacement and problems
of rehabilitation. Development of forest
policy and tribals. Impact of urbanization
and industrialization on tribal populations.

7.1Problems of exploitation and depriva-tion of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled
Tribes and Other Backward Classes. Con-stitutional safeguards for Scheduled Tribes
and Scheduled Castes.

7.2Social change and contemporary tribal
societies: Impact of modern democratic in-stitutions, development programmes and
welfare measures on tribals and weaker
sections.

7.3The concept of ethnicity; Ethnic con-flicts and political developments; Unrest
among tribal communities; Regionalism
and demand for autonomy; Pseudo-tribal-ism; Social change among the tribes dur-ing colonial and post-Independent India.

8.1Impact of Hinduism, Buddhism, Chris-tianity, Islam and other religions on tribal
societies.

8.2Tribe and nation state — a compara-tive study of tribal communities in India and
other countries.

9.1History of administration of tribal ar-eas, tribal policies, plans, programmes of
tribal development and their implementa-tion. The concept of PTGs (Primitive Tribal
Groups), their distribution, special
programmes for their development. Role
of N.G.O.s in tribal development.

9.2Role of anthropology in tribal and rural
development.

9.3Contributions of anthropology to the
understanding of regionalism, communa-lism, and ethnic and political movements.

Civil Service Mains Optional Chemistry

CHEMISTRY


PAPER - I

1. Atomic Structure:
Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle,
Schrodinger wave equation (time indepen-dent); Interpretation of wave function, par-ticle in one-dimensional box, quantum
numbers, hydrogen atom wave functions;
Shapes of s, p and d orbitals.

2. Chemical Bonding:
Ionic bond, characteristics of ionic com-pounds, lattice energy, Born-Haber cycle;
covalent bond and its general characteris-tics, polarities of bonds in molecules and
their dipole moments; Valence bond
theory, concept of resonance and reso-nance energy; Molecular orbital theory
(LCAO method); bonding in H
2
+, H
2
, He
2
+
to
Ne2, NO, CO, HF, and CN
–
; Comparison of
valence bond and molecular orbital theo-ries, bond order, bond strength and bond
length.

3. Solid State:
Crystal systems; Designation of crystal
faces, lattice structures and unit cell;
Bragg’s law; X-ray diffraction by crystals;
Close packing, radius ratio rules, calcula-tion of some limiting radius ratio values;
Structures of NaCl, ZnS, CsCl and CaF
2
;
Stoichiometric and nonstoichiometric de-fects, impurity defects, semi-conductors.

4. The Gaseous State and Transport Phe-nomenon:
Equation of state for real gases, inter-mo-lecular interactions and critical pheno-mena and liquefaction of gases, Maxwell’s
distribution of speeds, intermolecular col-lisions, collisions on the wall and effusion;
Thermal conductivity and viscosity of ideal
gases.

5. Liquid State:
Kelvin equation; Surface tension and sur-face energy, wetting and contact angle,
interfacial tension and capillary action.

6. Thermodynamics:
Work, heat and internal energy; first law of
thermodynamics.
Second law of thermodynamics; entropy
as a state function, entropy changes in vari-ous processes, entropy–reversibility and
irreversibility, Free energy functions; Ther-modynamic equation of state; Maxwell re-lations; Temperature, volume and pressure
dependence of U, H, A, G, C
p and C
v
á and
â; J-T effect and inversion temperature;
criteria for equilibrium, relation between
equilibrium constant and thermodynamic
quantities; Nernst heat theorem, introduc-tory idea of third law of thermodynamics.

7. Phase Equilibria and Solutions:
Clausius-Clapeyron equation; phase dia-gram for a pure substance; phase equilib-ria in binary systems, partially miscible liq-uids–upper and lower critical solution tem-peratures; partial molar quantities, their sig-nificance and determination; excess ther-modynamic functions and their determina-tion.

8. Electrochemistry:
Debye-Huckel theory of strong electrolytes
and Debye-Huckel limiting Law for vari-ous equilibrium and transport properties.
Galvanic cells, concentration cells; elec-trochemical series, measurement of e.m.f.
of cells and its applications fuel cells and
batteries.
Processes at electrodes; double layer at
the interface; rate of charge transfer, cur-rent density; overpotential; electro-analyti-cal techniques: Polarography,
amperometry, ion selective electrodes and
their uses.

9. Chemical Kinetics:
Differential and integral rate equations for
zeroth, first, second and fractional order
reactions; Rate equations involving re-verse, parallel, consecutive and chain re-actions; branching chain and explosions;
effect of temperature and pressure on rate
constant; Study of fast reactions by stop-flow and relaxation methods; Collisions
and transition state theories.

10. Photochemistry:
Absorption of light; decay of excited state
by different routes; photochemical react-ions between hydrogen and halogens and
their quantum yields.

11. Surface Phenomena and Catalysis:
Absorption from gases and solutions on
solid adsorbents, Langmuir and B.E.T. ad-sorption isotherms; determination of sur-face area, characteristics and mechanism
of reaction on heterogeneous catalysts.

12. Bio-inorganic Chemistry:
Metal ions in biological systems and their
role in ion transport across the membranes
(molecular mechanism), oxygen-uptake
proteins, cytochromes and ferredoxins.

13. Coordination Compounds:
(i) Bonding theories of metal complexes;
Valence bond theory, crystal field theory
and its modifications; applications of theo-ries in the explanation of magnetism and
electronic spectra of metal complexes.
(ii) Isomerism in coordination compounds;
IUPAC nomenclature of coordination com-pounds; stereochemistry of complexes
with 4 and 6 coordination numbers; che-late effect and polynuclear complexes;
trans effect and its theories; kinetics of sub-stitution reactions in square-planer com-plexes; thermodynamic and kinetic stabil-ity of complexes.
(iii) EAN rule, Synthesis structure and re-activity of metal carbonyls; carboxylate
anions, carbonyl hydrides and metal ni-trosyl compounds.
(iv) Complexes with aromatic systems, syn-thesis, structure and bonding in metal ole-fin complexes, alkyne complexes and
cyclopentadienyl complexes; coordinative
unsaturation, oxidative addition reactions,
insertion reactions, fluxional molecules and
their characterization; Compounds with
metal-metal bonds and metal atom clus-ters.

14. Main Group Chemistry:
Boranes, borazines, phosphazenes and
cyclic phosphazene, silicates and sili-cones, Interhalogen compounds; Sulphur
– nitrogen compounds, noble gas com-pounds.

15. General Chemistry of ‘f’ Block Ele-ments:
Lanthanides and actinides; separation,
oxidation states, magnetic and spectral
properties; lanthanide contraction.

PAPER - II

1.  Delocalised Covalent Bonding:
Aromaticity, anti-aromaticity; annulenes,
azulenes, tropolones, fulvenes, sydnones.

2.  (i)  Reaction Mechanisms:General
methods (both kinetic and non-kinetic) of
study of mechanism of organic reactions:
isotopic method, cross-over experiment,
intermediate trapping, stereochemistry;
energy of activation; thermodynamic con-trol and kinetic control of reactions.
(ii)  Reactive Intermediates:Generation,
geometry, stability and reactions of car-bonium ions and carbanions, free radicals,
carbenes, benzynes and nitrenes.
(iii)Substitution Reactions:SN1, S
N
2 and
S
N
i mechanisms; neighbouring group par-ticipation; electrophilic and nucleophilic
reactions of aromatic compounds includ-ing heterocyclic compounds–pyrrole, fu-ran, thiophene and indole.
(iv)  Elimination Reactions:E1, E2 and
E1cb mechanisms; orientation in E2 reac-tions–Saytzeff and Hoffmann; pyrolytic  syn
elimination – Chugaev and Cope elimina-tions.
(v) Addition Reactions: Electrophilic ad-dition to C=C and C=C; nucleophilic  addi-tion to C=0, C=N,  conjugated olefins and
carbonyls.
(vi)Reactions and Rearrangements:(a)
Pinacol-pinacolone, Hoffmann, Beck-mann, Baeyer–Villiger, Favorskii, Fries,
Claisen, Cope, Stevens and Wagner-Meerwein rearrangements.
(b) Aldol condensation, Claisen conden-sation, Dieckmann, Perkin, Knoevenagel,
Witting, Clemmensen, Wolff-Kishner,
Cannizzaro and von Richter reactions;
Stobbe, benzoin and acyloin condensat-ions; Fischer indole synthesis, Skraup syn-thesis, Bischler-Napieralski, Sandmeyer,
Reimer-Tiemann and Reformatsky reactions.

3. Pericyclic Reactions:
Classification and examples; Woodward-Hoffmann rules – electrocyclic reactions,
cycloaddition reactions [2+2 and 4+2] and
30 www.employmentnews.gov.in Employment News 11 - 17 February 2012
sigmatropic shifts [1, 3; 3, 3 and 1, 5] FMO
approach.

4. (i)Preparation and Properties of Poly-mers:  Organic polymers–polyethy-lene,
polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, teflon, ny-lon, terylene, synthetic and natural rubber.
(ii)  Biopolymers:Structure of proteins,
DNA and RNA.
5. Synthetic Uses of Reagents:
OsO
4
, HIO
4
, CrO
3
, Pb(OAc)
4
, SeO
2
, NBS,
B
2H6, Na-Liquid NH
3, LiAlH
4,NaBH4,
n-BuLi
and MCPBA.

6. Photochemistry:
Photochemical reactions of simple organic
compounds, excited and ground states,
singlet and triplet states, Norrish-Type I and
Type II reactions.

7. Spectroscopy:
Principle and applications in structure elu-cidation:
(i)Rotational: Diatomic molecules; isoto-pic substitution and rotational constants.
(ii) Vibrational: Diatomic molecules, linear
triatomic molecules, specific frequencies
of functional groups in polyatomic mol-ecules.
(iii)  Electronic:Singlet and triplet states;
n Ý  π* and  π  π*Ýtransitions; application to
conjugated double bonds and conjugated
carbonyls–Woodward-Fieser rules;
Charge transfer spectra.
(iv)Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (
1H
NMR):  Basic principle; chemical shift and
spin-spin interaction and coupling con-stants.
(v)  Mass Spectrometry:Parent peak, base
peak, metastable peak, McLafferty rear-rangement

Civil Service Mains Optional Botany

BOTANY


PAPER – I

1. Microbiology and Plant Pathology:
Structure and reproduction/multiplication
of viruses, viroids, bacteria, fungi and my-coplasma; Applications of microbiology in
agriculture, industry, medicine and in con-trol of soil and water pollution; Prion and
Prion hypothesis.
Important crop diseases caused by viruses,
bacteria, mycoplasma, fungi and nema-todes; Modes of infection and dissemina-tion; Molecular basis of infection and dis-ease resistance/defence; Physiology of
parasitism and control measures; Fungal
toxins; Modelling and disease forecasting;
Plant quarantine.

2. Cryptogams:
Algae, fungi, lichens, bryophytes, pterido-phytes - structure and reproduction from
evolutionary viewpoint; Distribution of
Cryptogams in India and their ecological
and economic importance.

3. Phanerogams:
Gymnosperms: Concept of Progymnos-perms; Classification and distribution of
gymnosperms; Salient features of Cycada-les, Ginkgoales, Coniferales and Gnetales,
their structure and reproduction; General
account of Cycadofilicales, Bennettitales
and Cordaitales; Geological time scale;
Type of fossils and their study techniques.
Angiosperms: Systematics, anatomy, em-bryology, palynology and phylogeny.
Taxonomic hierarchy; International Code
of Botanical Nomenclature; Numerical tax-onomy and chemotaxonomy; Evidence
from anatomy, embryology and palynology.
Origin and evolution of angiosperms; Com-parative account of various systems of clas-sification of angiosperms; Study of
angiospermic families – Mangnoliaceae,
Ranunculaceae, Brassicaceae, Ro-saceae, Fabaceae, Euphorbiaceae,
Malvaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Apiaceae,
Asclepiadaceae, Verbenaceae, Solan-aceae, Rubiaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Astera-ceae, Poaceae, Arecaceae, Liliaceae,
Musaceae and Orchidaceae.
Stomata and their types; Glandular and
non-glandular trichomes; Unusual second-ary growth; Anatomy of C
3and C

4
plants;
Xylem and phloem differentiation; Wood
anatomy.
Development of male and female gameto-phytes, pollination, fertilization; Endosperm
- its development and function; Patterns of
embryo development; Polyembroyony and
apomixes; Applications of palynology; Ex-perimental embryology including pollen
storage and test-tube fertilization.

4. Plant Resource Development:
Domestication and introduction of plants;
Origin of cultivated plants; Vavilov’s cen-tres of origin; Plants as sources for food,
fodder, fibre, spices, beverages, edible oils,
drugs, narcotics, insecticides, timber, gums,
resins and dyes, latex, cellulose, starch and
its products; Perfumery; Importance of Eth-nobotany in Indian context; Energy planta-tions; Botanical Gardens and Herbaria.

5. Morphogenesis:
Totipotency, polarity, symmetry and
dfferentiation; Cell, tissue, organ and pro-toplast culture; Somatic hybrids and
Cybrids; Micropropagation; Somaclonal
variation and its applications; Pollen hap-loids, embryo rescue methods and their
applications.


PAPER – II

1. Cell Biology:
Techniques of cell biology; Prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells - structural and ultrastruc-tural details; Structure and function of ex-tracellular matrix (cell wall), membranes-cell adhesion, membrane transport and ve-sicular transport; Structure and function of
cell organelles (chloroplasts, mitochondria,
ER, dictyosomes ribosomes, endosomes,
lysosomes, peroxisomes); Cytoskelaton
and microtubules; Nucleus, nucleolus,
nuclear pore complex; Chromatin and nu-cleosome; Cell signalling and cell recep-tors; Signal transduction; Mitosis and meio-sis; Molecular basis of cell cycle; Numeri-cal and structural variations in chromo-somes and their significance; Chromatin
organization and packaging of genome;
Polytene chromosomes; B-chromosomes
– structure, behaviour and significance.

2. Genetics, Molecular Biology and Evo-lution:
Development of genetics; Gene versus al-lele concepts (Pseudoalleles); Quantitative
genetics and multiple factors; Incomplete
dominance, polygenic inheritance, multiple
alleles; Linkage and crossing over; Meth-ods of gene mapping, including molecular
maps (idea of mapping function); Sex chro-mosomes and sex-linked inheritance, sex
determination and molecular basis of sex
differentiation; Mutations (biochemical and
molecular basis); Cytoplasmic inheritance
and cytoplasmic genes (including genet-ics of male sterility).
Structure and synthesis of nucleic acids
and proteins; Genetic code and regulation
of gene expression; Gene silencing;
Multigene families; Organic evolution – evi-dences, mechanism and theories.
Role of RNA in origin and evolution.

3. Plant Breeding, Biotechnology and
Biostatistics:
Methods of plant breeding – introduction,
selection and hybridization (pedigree,
backcross, mass selection, bulk method);
Mutation, polyploidy, male sterility and het-erosis breeding; Use of apomixes in plant
breeding; DNA sequencing; Genetic engi-neering – methods of transfer of genes;
Transgenic crops and biosafety aspects;
Development and use of molecular mark-ers in plant breeding; Tools and techniques
- probe, southern blotting, DNA fingerprint-ing, PCR and FISH.
Standard deviation and coefficient of varia-tion (CV); Tests of significance (Z-test, t-test and chi-square test); Probability and
distributions (normal, binomial and Pois-son); Correlation and regression.

4. Physiology and Biochemistry:
Water relations, mineral nutrition and ion
transport, mineral deficiencies; Photosyn-thesis – photochemical reactions; photo-phosphorylation and carbon fixation path-ways; C3, C4
and CAM pathways; Mecha-nism of phloem transport; Respiration
(anerobic and aerobic, including fermen-tation) – electron transport chain and oxi-dative phosphorylation; Photorespiration;
Chemiosmotic theory and ATP synthesis;
Lipid metabolism; Nitrogen fixation and
nitrogen metabolism; Enzymes, coen-zymes; Energy transfer and energy con-servation; Importance of secondary me-tabolites; Pigments as photoreceptors
(plastidial pigments and phytochrome);
Plant movements; Photoperiodism and
flowering, vernalization, senescence;
Growth substances – their chemical na-ture, role and applications in agri-horticul-ture; Growth indices, growth movements;
Stress physiology (heat, water, salinity,
metal); Fruit and seed physiology; Dor-mancy, storage and germination of seed;
Fruit ripening – its molecular basis and
manipulation.

5. Ecology and Plant Geography:
Concept of ecosystem; Ecological factors;
Concepts and dynamics of community;
Plant succession; Concept of biosphere;
Ecosystems; Conservation; Pollution and
its control (including phytoremediation);
Plant indicators; Environment (Protection)
Act.
Forest types of India - Ecological and eco-nomic importance of forests, afforestation,
deforestation and social forestry; Endan-gered plants, endemism, IUCN categories,
Red Data Books; Biodiversity and its con-servation; Protected Area Network; Con-vention on Biological Diversity; Farmers’
Rights and Intellectual Property Rights;
Concept of Sustainable Development; Bio-geochemical cycles; Global warming and
climatic change; Invasive species; Envi-ronmental Impact Assessment; Phytogeo-graphical regions of India.

Civil Service Mains Optional ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING


PAPER - I

1. Circuit Theory:
Circuit components; network graphs; KCL,
KVL; circuit analysis methods: nodal
analysis, mesh analysis; basic network
theorems and applications; transient
analysis: RL, RC and RLC circuits;
sinusoidal steady state analysis; resonant
circuits; coupled circuits; balanced 3-phase
circuits; Two-port networks.

2. Signals & Systems:
Representation of continuous–time and
discrete-time signals & systems; LTI
systems; convolution; impulse response;
time-domain analysis of LTI systems based
on convolution and differential/difference
equations. Fourier transform, Laplace
transform, Z-transform, Transfer function.
Sampling and recovery of signals DFT, FFT
Processing of analog signals through
discrete-time systems.

3. E.M. Theory:
Maxwell’s equations, wave propagation in
bounded media. Boundary conditions,
reflection and refraction of plane waves.
Transmission line: travelling and standing
waves, impedance matching, Smith chart.

4. Analog Electronics:
Characteristics and equivalent circuits
(large and small-signal) of Diode, BJT, JFET
and MOSFET. Diode circuits: clipping,
clamping, rectifier. Biasing and bias
stability. FET amplifiers. Current mirror;
Amplifiers: single and multi-stage,
differential, operational, feedback and
power. Analysis of amplifiers; frequency-response of amplifiers. OPAMP circuits.
Filters; sinusoidal oscillators: criterion for
oscillation; single-transistor and OPAMP
configurations. Function generators and
wave-shaping circuits. Linear and
switching power supplies.

5. Digital Electronics:
Boolean algebra; minimization of Boolean
functions; logic gates; digital IC families
(DTL, TTL, ECL, MOS, CMOS). Combina-tional circuits: arithmetic circuits, code
converters, multiplexers and decoders.
Sequential circuits: latches and flip-flops,
counters and shift-registers. Comparators,
timers, multivibrators. Sample and hold
circuits, ADCs and DACs. Semiconductor
memories. Logic implementation using
programmable devices (ROM, PLA, FPGA).

6. Energy Conversion:
Principles of electromechanical energy
conversion: Torque and emf in rotating
machines. DC machines: characteristics
and performance analysis; starting and
speed control of motors; Transformers:
principles of operation and analysis;
regulation, efficiency; 3-phase transfor-mers. 3-phase induction machines and
synchronous machines: characteristics and
preformance analysis; speed control.

7. Power Electronics and Electric Drives:
Semiconductor power devices: diode,
transistor, thyristor, triac, GTO and
MOSFET–static characteristics and
principles of operation; triggering circuits;
phase control rectifiers; bridge converters:
fully-controlled and half-controlled;
principles of thyristor choppers and
inverters; DC-DC converters; Switch mode
inverter; basic concepts of speed control
of DC and AC Motor drives applications of
variable-speed drives.

8. Analog Communication:
Random variables: continuous, discrete;
probability, probability functions. Statistical
averages; probability models; Random
signals and noise: white noise, noise
equivalent bandwidth; signal transmission
with noise; signal to noise ratio. Linear CW
modulation: Amplitude modulation: DSB,
DSB-SC and SSB. Modulators and
Demodulators; Phase and Frequency
modulation: PM & FM signals; narrowband
FM; generation & detection of FM and PM,
Deemphasis, Preemphasis. CW
modulation system: Superhetrodyne
receivers, AM receivers, communication
receivers, FM receivers, phase locked loop,
SSB receiver Signal to noise ratio
calculation for AM and FM receivers.


PAPER - II

1. Control Systems:
Elements of control systems; block-diagram representation; open-loop &
closed-loop systems; principles and
applications of feed-back. Control system
components. LTI systems: time-domain
and transform-domain analysis. Stability:
Routh Hurwitz criterion, root-loci, Bode-plots and polar plots, Nyquist’s criterion;
Design of lead-lad compensators.
Proportional, PI, PID controllers. State-variable representation and analysis of
control systems.

2. Microprocessors and Microcom-puters:
PC organisation; CPU, instruction set,
register set, timing diagram, programming,
interrupts, memory interfacing, I/O
interfacing, programmable peripheral
devices.

3. Measurement and Instrumentation:
Error analysis; measurement of current,
voltage, power, energy, power-factor,
resistance, inductance, capacitance and
frequency; bridge measurement. Signal
conditioning circuit; Electronic measuring
instruments: multimeter, CRO, digital
voltmeter, frequency counter, Q-meter,
spectrum-analyzer, distortion-meter.
Transducers: thermocouple, thermistor,
LVDT, strain-gauge, piezo-electric crystal.

4. Power Systems: Analysis and Control:
Steady-state performance of overhead
transmission lines and cables; principles
of active and reactive power transfer and
distribution; per-unit quantities; bus
admittance and impedance matrices; load
flow; voltage control and power factor
correction; economic operation; symme-trical components, analysis of symmetrical
and unsymmetrical faults. Concept of
system stability: swing curves and equal
area criterion. Static VAR system. Basic
concepts of HVDC transmission.

5. Power System Protection:
Principles of overcurrent, differential and
distance protection. Concept of solid state
relays. Circuit breakers. Computer aided
protection: Introduction; line bus, generator,
transformer protection; numeric relays and
application of DSP to protection.

6. Digital Communication:
Pulse code modulation (PCM), differential
pulse code modulation (DPCM), delta
modulation (DM), Digital modulation and
demodulation schemes: amplitude, phase
and frequency keying schemes (ASK, PSK,
FSK). Error control coding: error detection
and correction, linear block codes,
convolution codes. Information measure
and source coding. Data networks, 7-layer
architecture.

Civil Service Mains Optional GEOGRAPHY

GEOGRAPHY


PAPER - I

PRINCIPLES OF GEOGRAPHY
Physical Geography:

1.  Geomorphology:Factors controlling
landform development; endogenetic and
exogenetic forces; Origin and evolution of
the earth’s crust; Fundamentals of geo-magnetism; Physical conditions of the
earth’s interior; Geosynclines; Continental
drift; Isostasy; Plate tectonics; Recent views
on mountain building; Vulcanicity; Earth-quakes and Tsunamis; Concepts of geo-morphic cycles and Landscape develop-ment ; Denudation chronology; Channel
morphology; Erosion surfaces; Slope de-velopment ; Applied Geomorphology :
Geohydrology, economic geology and en-vironment.

2.  Climatology:Temperature and pressure
belts of the world; Heat budget of the earth;
Atmospheric circulation; atmospheric sta-bility and instability. Planetary and local
winds; Monsoons and jet streams; Air
masses and fronto genesis, Temperate and
tropical cyclones; Types and distribution
of precipitation; Weather and Climate;
Koppen’s, Thornthwaite’s and Trewartha’s
classification of world climates; Hydrologi-cal cycle; Global climatic change and role
and response of man in climatic changes,
Applied climatology and Urban climate.

3. Oceanography:Bottom topography of
the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans;
Temperature and salinity of the oceans;
Heat and salt budgets, Ocean deposits;
Waves, currents and tides; Marine re-sources: biotic, mineral and energy re-sources; Coral reefs, coral bleaching; sea-level changes; law of the sea and marine
pollution.

4. Biogeography:Genesis of soils; Clas-sification and distribution of soils; Soil pro-file; Soil erosion, Degradation and conser-vation; Factors influencing world distribu-tion of plants and animals; Problems of
deforestation and conservation measures;
Social forestry; agro-forestry; Wild life; Ma-jor gene pool centres.

5. Environmental Geography:Principle of
ecology; Human ecological adaptations;
Influence of man on ecology and environ-ment; Global and regional ecological
changes and imbalances; Ecosystem their
management and conservation; Environ-mental degradation, management and
conservation; Biodiversity and sustainable
development; Environmental policy; Envi-ronmental hazards and remedial mea-sures; Environmental education and leg-islation.

Human Geography:
1. Perspectives in Human Geography:
Areal differentiation; regional synthesis; Di-chotomy and dualism; Environmentalism;
Quantitative revolution and locational
analysis; radical, behavioural, human and
welfare approaches; Languages, religions
and secularisation; Cultural regions of the
world; Human development index.

2. Economic Geography:World economic
development: measurement and problems;
World resources and their distribution; En-ergy crisis; the limits to growth; World agri-culture: typology of agricultural regions; ag-ricultural inputs and productivity; Food and
nutrition problems; Food security; famine:
causes, effects and remedies; World indus-tries: locational patterns and problems; pat-terns of world trade.

3. Population and Settlement Geography:
Growth and distribution of world popula-tion; demographic attributes; Causes and
consequences of migration; concepts of
over-under-and optimum population;
Population theories, world population prob-lems and policies, Social well-being and
quality of life; Population as social capital.
Types and patterns of rural settlements;
Environmental issues in rural settlements;
Hierarchy of urban settlements; Urban
morphology: Concepts of primate city and
rank-size rule; Functional classification of
towns; Sphere of urban influence; Rural -urban fringe; Satellite towns; Problems and
remedies of urbanization; Sustainable de-velopment of cities.

4. Regional Planning:Concept of a region;
Types of regions and methods of
regionalisation; Growth centres and
growth poles; Regional imbalances; re-gional development strategies; environ-mental issues in regional planning; Plan-ning for sustainable development.

5. Models, Theories and Laws in Human
Geography:Systems analysis in Human
geography; Malthusian, Marxian and de-mographic transition models; Central
Place theories of Christaller and
Losch;Perroux and Boudeville; Von
Thunen’s model of agricultural location;
Weber’s model of industrial location;
Ostov’s model of stages of growth. Heart-land and Rimland theories; Laws of inter-national boundaries and frontiers.


PAPER – II

GEOGRAPHY OF INDIA

1. Physical Setting:Space relationship of
India with neighboring countries; Structure
and relief; Drainage system and water-sheds; Physiographic regions; Mechanism
of Indian monsoons and rainfall patterns,
Tropical cyclones and western distur-bances; Floods and droughts; Climatic re-gions; Natural vegetation; Soil types and
their distributions.

2. Resources:Land, surface and ground
water, energy, minerals, biotic and marine
resources; Forest and wild life resources
and their conservation; Energy crisis.

3. Agriculture:Infrastructure: irrigation,
seeds, fertilizers, power; Institutional fac-tors: land holdings, land tenure and land
reforms; Cropping pattern, agricultural pro-ductivity, agricultural intensity, crop com-bination, land capability; Agro and social-forestry; Green revolution and its socio-economic and ecological implications; Sig-nificance of dry farming; Livestock re-sources and white revolution; aqua - cul-ture; sericulture, apiculture and poultry; ag-ricultural regionalisation; agro-climatic
zones; agro- ecological regions.

4. Industry:Evolution of industries;
Locational factors of cotton, jute, textile, iron
and steel, aluminium, fertilizer, paper,
chemical and pharmaceutical, automobile,
cottage and agro-based industries; Indus-trial houses and complexes including pub-lic sector undertakings; Industrial regionali-sation; New industrial policies; Multination-als and liberalization; Special Economic
Zones; Tourism including eco -tourism.

5. Transport, Communication and Trade:
Road, railway, waterway, airway and pipe-line networks and their complementary
roles in regional development; Growing
importance of ports on national and for-eign trade; Trade balance; Trade Policy;
Export processing zones; Developments
in communication and information technol-ogy and their impacts on economy and
society; Indian space programme.

6. Cultural Setting:Historical Perspective
of Indian Society; Racial, linguistic and
ethnic diversities; religious minorities; ma-jor tribes, tribal areas and their problems;
cultural regions; Growth, distribution and
density of population; Demographic at-tributes: sex-ratio, age structure, literacy
rate, work-force, dependency ratio, longev-ity; migration (inter-regional, intra- regional
and international) and associated prob-lems; Population problems and policies;
Health indicators.

7. Settlements:Types, patterns and mor-phology of rural settlements; Urban devel-opments; Morphology of Indian cities; Func-tional classification of Indian cities;
Conurbations and metropolitan regions;
urban sprawl; Slums and associated prob-lems; town planning; Problems of urban-ization and remedies.

8. Regional Development and Planning:
Experience of regional planning in India;
Five Year Plans; Integrated rural develop-ment programmes; Panchayati Raj and
decentralised planning; Command area
development; Watershed management;
Planning for backward area, desert,
drought prone, hill, tribal area develop-ment; multi-level planning; Regional plan-ning and development of island territories.

9. Political Aspects:Geographical basis
of Indian federalism; State reorganisation;
Emergence of new states; Regional con-sciousness and inter state issues; interna-tional boundary of India and related issues;
Cross border terrorism; India’s role in world
affairs; Geopolitics of South Asia and In-dian Ocean realm.

10. Contemporary Issues:Ecological is-sues: Environmental hazards: landslides,

Civil Service Mains Optional GEOLOGY

GEOLOGY


PAPER - I

1. General Geology:
The Solar System, Meteorites, Origin and
interior of the earth and age of earth;
Volcanoes- causes and products, Volcanic
belts; Earthquakes-causes, effects,
Seismic zones of India; Island arcs,
trenches and mid-ocean ridges;
Continental drifts; Seafloor spreading,
Plate tectonics; Isostasy.

2. Geomorphology and Remote Sensing:
Basicconcepts of geomorphology;
Weathering and soil formations; Land-forms, slopes and drainage; Geomorphic
cycles and their interpretation; Morphology
and its relation to structures and lithology;
Coastal geomorphology; Applications of
geomorphology in mineral prospecting,
civil engineering; Hydrology and
environmental studies; Geomorphology of
Indian subcontinent.
Aerial photographs and their interpretation-merits and limitations; The Electromagnetic
spectrum; Orbiting satellites and sensor
systems; Indian Remote Sensing Satellites;
Satellites data products; Applications of
remote sensing in geology; The
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and
Global Positioning System (GPS) - its
applications.

3. Structural Geology:
Principles of geologic mapping and map
reading, Projection diagrams, Stress and
strain ellipsoid and stress-strain
relationships of elastic, plastic and viscous
materials; Strain markers in deformed rocks;
Behaviour of minerals and rocks under
deformation conditions; Folds and faults
classification and mechanics; Structural
analysis of folds, foliations, lineations, joints
and faults, unconformities; Time-relation-ship between crystallization and defor-mation.

4.  Paleontology:
Species- definition and nomenclature;
Megafossils and Microfossils; Modes of
preservation of fossils; Different kinds of
microfossils; Application of microfossils in
correlation, petroleum exploration, paleo-climatic and paleoceanographic studies;
Evolutionary trend in Hominidae, Equidae
and Proboscidae; Siwalik fauna;
Gondwana flora and fauna and its
importance; Index fossils and their
significance.

5. Indian Stratigraphy:
Classification of stratigraphic sequences:
lithostratigraphic, biostratigraphic, chro-nostratigraphic and magnetostratigraphic
and their interrelationships; Distribution
and classification of Precambrian rocks of
India; Study of stratigraphic distribution and
lithology of Phanerozoic rocks of India with
reference to fauna, flora and economic
importance; Major boundary problems-Cambrian/Precambrian, Permian/Triassic,
Cretaceous/Tertiary and Pliocene/
Pleistocene; Study of climatic conditions,
paleogeography and igneous activity in the
Indian subcontinent in the geological past;
Tectonic framework of India; Evolution of
the Himalayas.

6. Hydrogeology and Engineering
Geology:
Hydrologic cycle and genetic classification
of water; Movement of subsurface water;
Springs; Porosity, permeability, hydraulic
conductivity, transmissivity and storage
coefficient, classification of aquifers; Water-bearing characteristics of rocks; Ground-water chemistry; Salt water intrusion; Types
of wells; Drainage basin morphometry;
Exploration for groundwater; Groundwater
recharge; Problems and management of
groundwater; Rainwater harvesting;
Engineering properties of rocks; Geolo-gical investigations for dams, tunnels
highways, railway and bridges; Rock as
construction material; Landslides-causes,
prevention and rehabilitation; Earthquake-resistant structures.







PAPER - II

1. Mineralogy:
Classification of crystals into systems and
classes of symmetry; International system
of crystallographic notation; Use of
projection diagrams to represent crystal
symmetry; Elements of X-ray crystallo-graphy.
Physical and chemical characters of rock
forming silicate mineral groups; Structural
classification of silicates; Common minerals
of igneous and metamorphic rocks;
Minerals of the carbonate, phosphate,
sulphide and halide groups; Clay minerals.
Optical properties of common rock forming
minerals; Pleochroism, extinction angle,
double refraction, birefringence, twinning
and dispersion in minerals.

2. Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology:
Generation and crystallization of magmas;
Crystallization of albite-anorthite, diopside-anorthite and diopside-wollastonite-silica
systems; Bowen’s Reaction Principle;
Magmatic differentation and assimilation;
Petrogenetic significance of the textures
and structures of igneous rocks; Petro-graphy and petrogenesis of granite,
syenite, diorite, basic and ultrabasic
groups, charnockite, anorthosite and
alkaline rocks; Carbonatites; Deccan
volcanic province.
Types and agents of metamorphism;
Metamorphic grades and zones; Phase
rule; Facies of regional and contact
metamorphism; ACF and AKF diagrams;
Textures and structures of metamorphic
rocks; Metamorphism of arenaceous,
argillaceous and basic rocks; Minerals
assemblages Retrograde metamorphism;
Metasomatism and granitisation,
migmatites, Granulite terrains of India.

3. Sedimentary Petrology:
Sediments and Sedimentary rocks:
Processes of formation; digenesis and
lithification; Clastic and non-clastic rocks-their classification, petrography and
depositional environment; Sedimentary
facies and provenance; Sedimentary
structures and their significance; Heavy
minerals and their significance; Sedimen-tary basins of India.

4. Economic Geology:
Ore, ore minerals and gangue, tenor of ore,
classification of ore deposits; Process of
formation of minerals deposits; Controls of
ore localization; Ore textures and structu-res; Metallogenic epochs and provinces;
Geology of the important Indian deposits
of aluminium, chromium, copper, gold, iron,
lead zinc, manganese, titanium, uranium
and thorium and industrial minerals;
Deposits of coal and petroleum in India;
National Mineral Policy; Conservation and
utilization of mineral resources; Marine
mineral resources and Law of Sea.

5. Mining Geology:
Methods of prospecting-geological,
geophysical, geochemical and geobotani-cal; Techniques of sampling; Estimation of
reserves or ore; Methods of exploration and
mining metallic ores, industrial minerals,
marine mineral resources and building
stones; Mineral beneficiation and ore
dressing.

6. Geochemistry and Environmental
Geology:
Cosmic abundance of elements;
Composition of the planets and meteorites;
Structure and composition of Earth and
distribution of elements; Trace elements;
Elements of crystal chemistry-types of
chemical bonds, coordination number;
Isomorphism and polymorphism;
Elementary thermodynamics.
Natural hazards-floods, mass wasting,
costal hazards, earthquakes and volcanic
activity and mitigation; Environmental
impact of urbanization, mining, industrial
and radioactive waste disposal, use of
fertilizers, dumping of mine waste and fly
ash; Pollution of ground and surface water,
marine pollution; Environment protection -legislative measures in India; Sea level
changes: causes and impact.

Civil Service Mains Optional HISTORY

HISTORY


PAPER - I
1. Sources:
Archaeological sources:
Exploration, excavation, epigraphy,
numismatics, monuments
Literary sources:
Indigenous: Primary and secondary;
poetry, scientific literature, literature,
literature in regional languages, religious
literature.
Foreign accounts: Greek, Chinese and
Arab writers.

2. Pre-history and Proto-history:
Geographical factors; hunting and
gathering (paleolithic and mesolithic);
Beginning of agriculture (neolithic and
chalcolithic).

3. Indus Valley Civilization:
Origin, date, extent, characteristics, decline,
survival and significance, art and
architecture.

4. Megalithic Cultures:
Distribution of pastoral and farming cultures
outside the Indus, Development of
community life, Settlements, Development
of agriculture, Crafts, Pottery, and Iron
industry.

5. Aryans and Vedic Period:
Expansions of Aryans in India.
Vedic Period: Religious and philosophic
literature; Transformation from Rig Vedic
period to the later Vedic period; Political,
social and economical life; Significance of
the Vedic Age; Evolution of Monarchy and
Varna system.

6. Period of Mahajanapadas:
Formation of States (Mahajanapada) :
Republics and monarchies; Rise of urban
centres; Trade routes; Economic growth;
Introduction of coinage; Spread of Jainism
and Buddhism; Rise of Magadha and
Nandas.
Iranian and Macedonian invasions and
their impact.

7. Mauryan Empire:
Foundation of the Mauryan Empire,
Chandragupta, Kautilya and Arthashastra;
Ashoka; Concept of Dharma; Edicts; Polity,
Administration; Economy; Art, architecture
and sculpture; External contacts; Religion;
Spread of religion; Literature.
Disintegration of the empire; Sungas and
Kanvas.

8. Post - Mauryan Period (Indo-Greeks,
Sakas, Kushanas, Western Kshatrapas):
Contact with outside world; growth of urban
centres, economy, coinage, development
of religions, Mahayana, social conditions,
art, architecture, culture, literature and
science.

9. Early State and Society in Eastern
India, Deccan and South India:
Kharavela, The Satavahanas, Tamil States
of the Sangam Age; Administration,
economy, land grants, coinage, trade
guilds and urban centres; Buddhist centres;
Sangam literature and culture; Art and
architecture.

10. Guptas, Vakatakas and Vardhanas:
Polity and administration, Economic
conditions, Coinage of the Guptas, Land
grants, Decline of urban centres, Indian
feudalism, Caste system, Position of
women, Education and educational
institutions; Nalanda, Vikramshila and
Vallabhi, Literature, scientific literature, art
and architecture.

11. Regional States during Gupta Era:
The Kadambas, Pallavas, Chalukyas of
Badami; Polity and Administration, Trade
guilds, Literature; growth of Vaishnava and
Saiva religions. Tamil Bhakti movement,
Shankaracharya; Vedanta; Institutions of
temple and temple architecture; Palas,
Senas, Rashtrakutas, Paramaras, Polity
and administration; Cultural aspects. Arab
conquest of Sind; Alberuni, The Chalukyas
of Kalyana, Cholas, Hoysalas, Pandyas;
Polity and Administration; local Govern-ment; Growth of art and architecture,
religious sects, Institution of temple and
Mathas, Agraharas, education and
literature, economy and society.

12. Themes in Early Indian Cultural
History:
Languages and texts, major stages in the
evolution of art and architecture, major
philosophical thinkers and schools, ideas
in Science and Mathematics.

13. Early Medieval India, 750-1200:
- Polity: Major political developments in
Northern India and the Peninsula, ori-gin and the rise of Rajputs
- The Cholas: administration, village
economy and society
- “Indian Feudalism”
- Agrarian economy and urban settle-ments
- Trade and commerce
- Society: the status of the Brahman and
the new social order
- Condition of women
- Indian science and technology

14. Cultural Traditions in India, 750-1200:
- Philosophy: Skankaracharya and
Vedanta, Ramanuja and Vishishtad-vaita, Madhva and Brahma-Mimansa
- Religion: Forms and features of religion,
Tamil devotional cult, growth of Bhakti,
Islam and its arrival in India, Sufism
- Literature: Literature in Sanskrit, growth
of Tamil literature, literature in the newly
developing languages, Kalhan’s
Rajtarangini, Alberuni’s India
- Art and Architecture: Temple architec-ture, sculpture, painting

15. The Thirteenth Century:
- Establishment of the Delhi Sultanate:
The Ghurian invasions – factors behind
Ghurian success
- Economic, social and cultural conse-quences
- Foundation of Delhi Sultanate and early
Turkish Sultans
- Consolidation: The rule of Iltutmish and
Balban

16. The Fourteenth Century:
- “The Khalji Revolution”
- Alauddin Khalji: Conquests and territo-rial expansion, agrarian and economic
measures
- Muhammad Tughluq: Major projects,
agrarian measures, bureaucracy of
Muhammad Tughluq
- Firuz Tughluq: Agrarian measures,
achievements in civil engineering and
public works, decline of the Sultanate,
contacts and Ibn Battuta’s ac-count

17. Society, Culture and Economy in the
Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries:
- Society: composition of rural society,
ruling classes, town dwellers, women,
religious classes, caste and slavery
under the Sultanate, Bhakti movement,
Sufi movement
- Culture: Persian literature, literature in
the regional languages of North India,

literature in the languages of South In-dia, Sultanate architecture and new
structural forms, painting, evolution of a
composite culture
- Economy: Agricultural production, rise
of urban economy and non-agricultural
production, trade and commerce

18. The Fifteenth and Early Sixteenth
Century – Political Developments and
Economy:
- Rise of Provincial Dynasties: Bengal,
Kashmir (Zainul Abedin), Gujarat,
Malwa, Bahmanids
- The Vijayanagra Empire
- Lodis
- Mughal Empire, First phase: Babur and
Humayun
- The Sur Empire: Sher Shah’s adminis-tration
- Portuguese Colonial enterprise
- Bhakti and Sufi Movements

19. The Fifteenth and early Sixteenth
Century – Society and Culture:
- Regional cultural specificities
- Literary traditions
- Provincial architecture
- Society, culture, literature and the arts
in Vijayanagara Empire.

20. Akbar:
- Conquests and consolidation of the
Empire
- Establishment of Jagir and Mansab sys-tems
- Rajput policy
- Evolution of religious and social out-look, theory of Sulh-i-kul and religious
policy
- Court patronage of art and technology

21. Mughal Empire in the Seventeenth
Century:
- Major administrative policies of
Jahangir, Shahjahan and Aurangzeb
- The Empire and the Zamindars
- Religious policies of Jahangir,
Shahjahan and Aurangzeb
- Nature of the Mughal State
- Late Seventeenth century crisis and the
revolts
- The Ahom Kingdom
- Shivaji and the early Maratha Kingdom.

22. Economy and Society in the Sixteenth
and Seventeenth Centuries:
- Population, agricultural production, craft
production
- Towns, commerce with Europe through
Dutch, English and French companies :
a trade revolution
- Indian mercantile classes, banking, in-surance and credit systems
- Condition of peasants, condition of
women
- Evolution of the Sikh community and the
Khalsa Panth

23. Culture in the Mughal Empire:
- Persian histories and other literature
- Hindi and other religious literature
- Mughal architecture
- Mughal painting
- Provincial architecture and painting
- Classical music
- Science and technology

24. The Eighteenth Century:
- Factors for the decline of the Mughal
Empire
- The regional principalities: Nizam’s
Deccan, Bengal, Awadh
- Maratha ascendancy under the
Peshwas
- The Maratha fiscal and financial sys-tem
- Emergence of Afghan Power, Battle of
Panipat:1761
- State of politics, culture and economy
on the eve of the British conquest


PAPER - II

1. European Penetration into India:
The Early European Settlements; The
Portuguese and the Dutch; The English and
the French East India Companies; Their
struggle for supremacy; Carnatic Wars;
Bengal -The conflict between the English
and the Nawabs of Bengal; Siraj and the
English; The Battle of Plassey; Significance
of Plassey.

2. British Expansion in India:
Bengal – Mir Jafar and Mir Kasim; The
Battle of Buxar; Mysore; The Marathas; The
three Anglo-Maratha Wars; The Punjab.

3. Early Structure of the British Raj:
The early administrative structure; From
diarchy to direct control; The Regulating
Act (1773); The Pitt’s India Act (1784); The
Charter Act (1833); The voice of free trade
and the changing character of British
colonial rule; The English utilitarian and
India.

4. Economic Impact of British Colonial
Rule:
(a)Land revenue settlements in British
India; The Permanent Settlement; Ryotwari
Settlement; Mahalwari Settlement;
Economic impact of the revenue
arrangements; Commercialization of
agriculture; Rise of landless agrarian
labourers; Impoverishment of the rural
society.
(b)  Dislocation of traditional trade and
commerce; De-industrialisation; Decline of
traditional crafts; Drain of wealth; Economic
transformation of India; Railroad and
communication network including tele-graph and postal services; Famine and
poverty in the rural interior; European
business enterprise and its limitations.

5. Social and Cultural Developments:
The state of indigenous education, its
dislocation; Orientalist-Anglicist contro-versy, The introduction of western
education in India; The rise of press,
literature and public opinion; The rise of
modern vernacular literature; Progress of
science; Christian missionary activities in
India.

6. Social and Religious Reform
movements in Bengal and Other Areas:
Ram Mohan Roy, The Brahmo Movement;
Devendranath Tagore; Iswarchandra
Vidyasagar; The Young Bengal Movement;
Dayanada Saraswati; The social reform
movements in India including Sati, widow
remarriage, child marriage etc.; The
contribution of Indian renaissance to the
growth of modern India; Islamic revivalism
– the Feraizi and Wahabi Movements.

7. Indian Response to British Rule:
Peasant movements and tribal uprisings
in the 18
th
and 19
th
centuries including the
Rangpur Dhing (1783), the Kol Rebellion
(1832), the Mopla Rebellion in Malabar
(1841-1920), the Santal Hul (1855), Indigo
Rebellion (1859-60), Deccan Uprising
(1875) and the Munda Ulgulan (1899-1900); The Great Revolt of 1857 - Origin,
character, causes of failure, the
consequences; The shift in the character
of peasant uprisings in the post-1857
period; the peasant movements of the
1920s and 1930s.

8.  Factors leading to the birth of Indian
Nationalism; Politics of Association; The
Foundation of the Indian National
Congress; The Safety-valve thesis relating
to the birth of the Congress; Programme
and objectives of Early Congress; the social
composition of early Congress leadership;
the Moderates and Extremists; The
Partition of Bengal (1905); The Swadeshi
Movement in Bengal; the economic and
political aspects of Swadeshi Movement;
The beginning of revolutionary extremism
in India.

9. Rise of Gandhi; Character of Gandhian
nationalism; Gandhi’s popular appeal;
Rowlatt Satyagraha; the Khilafat
Movement; the Non-cooperation
Movement; National politics from the end
of the Non-cooperation movement to the
beginning of the Civil Disobedience
movement; the two phases of the Civil
Disobedience Movement; Simon
Commission; The Nehru Report; the
Round Table Conferences; Nationalism
and the Peasant Movements; Nationalism
and Working class movements; Women
and Indian youth and students in Indian
politics (1885-1947); the election of 1937
and the formation of ministries; Cripps
Mission; the Quit India Movement; the
Wavell Plan; The Cabinet Mission.

10.  Constitutional Developments in the
Colonial India between 1858 and 1935

11.  Other strands in the National Move-ment
The Revolutionaries: Bengal, the Punjab,
Maharashtra, U.P, the Madras Presidency,
Outside India.
The Left; The Left within the Congress:
Jawaharlal Nehru, Subhas Chandra Bose,
the Congress Socialist Party; the
Communist Party of India, other left parties.

12.  Politics of Separatism; the Muslim
League; the Hindu Mahasabha;
Communalism and the politics of partition;
Transfer of power; Independence.

13.  Consolidation as a Nation; Nehru’s
Foreign Policy; India and her neighbours
(1947-1964); The linguistic reorganisation
of States (1935-1947); Regionalism and
regional inequality; Integration of Princely
States; Princes in electoral politics; the
Question of National Language.

14.  Caste and Ethnicity after 1947;
Backward castes and tribes in post-colonial electoral politics; Dalit movements.

15.  Economic development and political
change;  Land reforms; the politics of
planning and rural reconstruction; Ecology
and environmental policy in post - colonial
India; Progress of science.

16. Enlightenment and Modern ideas:
(i) Major ideas of Enlightenment: Kant,
Rousseau
(ii) Spread of Enlightenment in the
colonies
(iii) Rise of socialist ideas (up to Marx);
spread of Marxian Socialism.

17. Origins of Modern Politics:
(i) European States System.
(ii) American Revolution and the Consti-tution.
(iii) French revolution and aftermath, 1789-1815.
(iv) American Civil War with reference to
Abraham Lincoln and the abolition of
slavery.
(v) British Democratic Politics, 1815-1850; Parliamentary Reformers, Free
Traders, Chartists.

18. Industrialization:
(i) English Industrial Revolution:
Causes and Impact on Society
(ii) Industrialization in other countries:
USA, Germany, Russia, Japan
(iii) Industrialization and Globaliza-tion.

19. Nation-State System:
(i) Rise of Nationalism in 19th cen-tury
(ii) Nationalism: state-building in Ger-many and Italy
(iii) Disintegration of Empires in the
face of the emergence of nation-alities across the world.

20. Imperialism and Colonialism:
(i) South and South-East Asia
(ii) Latin America and South Africa
(iii) Australia
(iv) Imperialism and free trade: Rise
of neo-imperialism.

21. Revolution and Counter-Revolution:
(i) 19th Century European revolu-tions
(ii) The Russian Revolution of 1917-1921
(iii) Fascist Counter-Revolution, Italy
and Germany.
(iv) The Chinese Revolution of 1949

22. World Wars:
(i) 1st and 2nd World Wars as Total
Wars: Societal implications
(ii) World War I: Causes and conse-quences
(iii) World War II: Causes and conse-quence

23. The World after World War II:
(i) Emergence of two power blocs
(ii) Emergence of Third World and
non-alignment
(iii) UNO and the global disputes.

24. Liberation from Colonial Rule:
(i) Latin America-Bolivar
(ii) Arab World-Egypt
(iii) Africa-Apartheid to Democracy
(iv) South-East Asia-Vietnam

25. Decolonization and Underdevelop-ment:
(i) Factors constraining develop-ment: Latin America, Africa

26. Unification of Europe:
(i) Post War Foundations: NATO and
European Community
(ii) Consolidation and Expansion of
European Community
(iii) European Union.

27. Disintegration of Soviet Union and the
Rise of the Unipolar World:
(i) Factors leading to the collapse of
Soviet communism and the So-viet Union, 1985-1991
(ii) Political Changes in Eastern Eu-rope 1989-2001.
(iii) End of the cold war and US as-cendancy in the World as the lone
superpower.