Civil Service Mains Optional ANTHROPOLOGY

ANTHROPOLOGY



PAPER - I

1.1Meaning, scope and development of
Anthropology.

1.2Relationships with other disciplines:
Social Sciences, Behavioural Sciences,
Life Sciences, Medical Sciences, Earth Sci-ences and Humanities.

1.3Main branches of Anthropology, their
scope and relevance:
(a) Social- cultural Anthropology.
(b) Biological Anthropology.
(c) Archaeological Anthropology.
(d) Linguistic Anthropology.

1.4Human Evolution and emergence of
Man:
(a) Biological and Cultural factors in hu-man evolution.
(b) Theories of Organic Evolution (Pre-Darwinian, Darwinian and Post-Dar-winian).
(c) Synthetic theory of evolution; Brief out-line of terms and concepts of evolu-tionary biology (Doll’s rule, Cope’s
rule, Gause’s rule, parallelism, con-vergence, adaptive radiation, and
mosaic evolution).

1.5Characteristics of Primates; Evolution-ary Trend and Primate Taxonomy; Primate
Adaptations; (Arboreal and Terrestrial) Pri-mate Taxonomy; Primate Behaviour; Ter-tiary and Quaternary fossil primates; Liv-ing Major Primates; Comparative Anatomy
of Man and Apes; Skeletal changes due to
erect posture and its implications.

1.6Phylogenetic status, characteristics and
geographical distribution of the following:
(a) Plio-pleistocene hominids in South
and East Africa - Australopithecines.
(b) Homo erectus: Africa (Paranthropus),
Europe (Homo erectus heidelber-gensis), Asia (Homo erectus
javanicus, Homo erectus pekinensis).
(c) Neanderthal Man- La-Chapelle-aux-saints (Classical type), Mt. Carmel (Pro-gressive type).
(d) Rhodesian man.
(e) Homo sapiens — Cromagnon,
Grimaldi and Chancelede.

1.7The biological basis of life: The Cell,
DNA structure and replication, Protein Syn-thesis, Gene, Mutation, Chromosomes,
and Cell Division.

1.8  (a)Principles of Prehistoric Archaeol-ogy. Chronology: Relative and Absolute
Dating methods.
(b)Cultural Evolution- Broad Outlines of
Prehistoric cultures:
(i) Paleolithic
(ii) Mesolithic
(iii) Neolithic
(iv) Chalcolithic
(v) Copper-Bronze Age
(vi) Iron Age

2.1  The Nature of Culture:The concept
and characteristics of culture and civiliza-tion; Ethnocentrism vis-à-vis cultural Rela-tivism.

2.2  The Nature of Society:Concept of Soci-ety; Society and Culture; Social Institutions;
Social groups; and Social stratification.

2.3  Marriage:Definition and universality;
Laws of marriage (endogamy, exogamy,
hypergamy, hypogamy, incest taboo);
Types of marriage (monogamy, polygamy,
polyandry, group marriage). Functions of
marriage; Marriage regulations (preferen-tial, prescriptive and proscriptive); Marriage
payments (bride wealth and dowry).

2.4 Family:Definition and universality;
Family, household and domestic groups;
functions of family; Types of family (from
the perspectives of structure, blood rela-tion, marriage, residence and succession);
Impact of urbanization, industrialization
and feminist movements on family.

2.5  Kinship:Consanguinity and Affinity;
Principles and types of descent (Unilineal,
Double, Bilateral, Ambilineal); Forms of
descent groups (lineage, clan, phratry, moi-ety and kindred); Kinship terminology (de-scriptive and classificatory); Descent, Fili-ation and Complimentary Filiation; De-scent and Alliance.

3.  Economic organization:Meaning,
scope and relevance of economic anthro-pology; Formalist and Substantivist debate;
Principles governing production, distribu-tion and exchange (reciprocity, redistribu-tion and market), in communities, subsist-ing on hunting and gathering, fishing,
swiddening, pastoralism, horticulture, and
agriculture; globalization and indigenous
economic systems.

4.  Political organization and Social Con-trol:Band, tribe, chiefdom, kingdom and
state; concepts of power, authority and le-gitimacy; social control, law and justice in
simple societies.

5. Religion:Anthropological approaches
to the study of religion (evolutionary, psy-chological and functional); monotheism
and polytheism; sacred and profane; myths
and rituals; forms of religion in tribal and
peasant societies (animism, animatism,
fetishism, naturism and totemism); religion,
magic and science distinguished; magico-religious functionaries (priest, shaman,
medicine man, sorcerer and witch).

6. Anthropological theories:
(a) Classical evolutionism (Tylor, Morgan
and Frazer)
(b) Historical particularism (Boas);
Diffusionism (British, German and
American)
(c) Functionalism (Malinowski); Struc-tural- functionlism (Radcliffe-Brown)
(d) Structuralism (L’evi - Strauss and E.
Leach)
(e) Culture and personality (Benedict,
Mead, Linton, Kardiner and Cora - du
Bois).
(f) Neo - evolutionism (Childe, White,
Steward, Sahlins and Service)
(g) Cultural materialism (Harris)
(h) Symbolic and interpretive theories
(Turner, Schneider and Geertz)
(i) Cognitive theories (Tyler, Conklin)
(j) Post- modernism in anthropology

7. Culture, language and communication:
Nature, origin and characteristics of lan-guage; verbal and non-verbal communi-cation; social context of language use.

8. Research methods in anthropology:
(a) Fieldwork tradition in anthropology
(b) Distinction between technique,
method and methodology
(c) Tools of data collection: observation,
interview, schedules, questionnaire,
Case study, genealogy, life-history,
oral history, secondary sources of in-formation, participatory methods.
(d) Analysis, interpretation and presenta-tion of data.

9.1 Human Genetics :Methods and Ap-plication: Methods for study of genetic prin-ciples in man-family study (pedigree analy-sis, twin study, foster child, co-twin method,
cytogenetic method, chromosomal and
karyo-type analysis), biochemical methods,
immunological methods, D.N.A. technol-ogy and recombinant technologies.

9.2Mendelian genetics in man-family
study, single factor, multifactor, lethal, sub-lethal and polygenic inheritance in man.

9.3Concept of genetic polymorphism and
selection, Mendelian population, Hardy-Weinberg law; causes and changes which
bring down frequency – mutation, isola-tion, migration, selection, inbreeding and
genetic drift. Consanguineous and non-consanguineous mating, genetic load, ge-netic effect of consanguineous and cousin
marriages.

9.4Chromosomes and chromosomal ab-errations in man, methodology.
(a) Numerical and structural aberrations
(disorders).
(b) Sex chromosomal aberrations –
Klinefelter (XXY), Turner (XO), Super
female (XXX), intersex and other
syndromic disorders.
(c) Autosomal aberrations – Down syn-drome, Patau, Edward and Cri-du-chat
syndromes.
(d) Genetic imprints in human disease,
genetic screening, genetic counseling,
human DNA profiling, gene mapping
and genome study.

9.5Race and racism, biological basis of
morphological variation of non-metric and
metric characters. Racial criteria, racial
traits in relation to heredity and environ-ment; biological basis of racial classifica-tion, racial differentiation and race cross-ing in man.

9.6Age, sex and population variation as
genetic marker- ABO, Rh blood groups,
HLA Hp, transferring, Gm, blood enzymes.
Physiological characteristics-Hb level,
body fat, pulse rate, respiratory functions
and sensory perceptions in different cul-tural and socio-economic groups.

9.7Concepts and methods of Ecological
Anthropology. Bio-cultural Adaptations –
Genetic and Non- genetic factors. Man’s
physiological responses to environmental
stresses: hot desert, cold, high altitude cli-mate.

9.8Epidemiological Anthropology: Health
and disease. Infectious and non-infectious
diseases. Nutritional deficiency related dis-eases.

10.Concept of human growth and devel-opment: stages of growth - pre-natal, na-tal, infant, childhood, adolescence, matu-rity, senescence.
- Factors affecting growth and develop-ment genetic, environmental, bio-chemical, nutritional, cultural and
socio-economic.
- Ageing and senescence. Theories and
observations - biological and chrono-logical longevity. Human physique and
somatotypes. Methodologies for
growth studies.

11.1Relevance of menarche, menopause
and other bioevents to fertility. Fertility pat-terns and differentials.

11.2Demographic theories- biological,
social and cultural.

11.3Biological and socio-ecological fac-tors influencing fecundity, fertility, natality
and mortality.

12.Applications of Anthropology: Anthro-pology of sports, Nutritional anthropology,
Anthropology in designing of defence and
other equipments, Forensic Anthropology,
Methods and principles of personal identi-fication and reconstruction, Applied human
genetics – Paternity diagnosis, genetic
counseling and eugenics, DNA technol-ogy in diseases and medicine,
serogenetics and cytogenetics in repro-ductive biology.


PAPER – II

1.1Evolution of the Indian Culture and Civi-lization — Prehistoric (Palaeolithic,
Mesolithic, Neolithic and Neolithic -Chalcolithic). Protohistoric (Indus Civiliza-tion): Pre- Harappan, Harappan and post-Harappan cultures. Contributions of tribal
cultures to Indian civilization.

1.2Palaeo – anthropological evidences
from India with special reference to Siwaliks
and Narmada basin (Ramapithecus,
Sivapithecus and Narmada Man).

1.3Ethno-archaeology in India : The con-cept of ethno-archaeology; Survivals and
Parallels among the hunting, foraging, fish-ing, pastoral and peasant communities in-cluding arts and crafts producing commu-nities.

2.Demographic profile of India — Ethnic and
linguistic elements in the Indian population
and their distribution. Indian population - fac-tors influencing its structure and growth.

3.1The structure and nature of traditional
Indian social system — Varnashram,
Purushartha, Karma, Rina and Rebirth.

3.2Caste system in India- structure and
characteristics, Varna and caste, Theories
of origin of caste system, Dominant caste,
Caste mobility, Future of caste system,
Jajmani system, Tribe- caste continuum.

3.3Sacred Complex and Nature- Man-Spirit Complex.

3.4Impact of Buddhism, Jainism, Islam and
Christianity on Indian society.
4.Emergence and growth of anthropology
in India-Contributions of the 18 th, 19 th and early 20 th
Century scholar-administrators.
Contributions of Indian anthropologists to
tribal and caste studies.

5.1Indian Village: Significance of village
study in India; Indian village as a social
system; Traditional and changing patterns
of settlement and inter-caste relations;
Agrarian relations in Indian villages; Im-pact of globalization on Indian villages.

5.2Linguistic and religious minorities and
their social, political and economic status.

5.3Indigenous and exogenous processes
of socio-cultural change in Indian society:
Sanskritization, Westernization, Moderni-zation; Inter-play of little and great tradi-tions; Panchayati raj and social change;
Media and social change.

6.1Tribal situation in India – Bio-genetic
variability, linguistic and socio-economic
characteristics of tribal populations and
their distribution.

6.2Problems of the tribal Communities —
land alienation, poverty, indebtedness, low
literacy, poor educational facilities, unem-ployment, underemployment, health and
nutrition.

6.3Developmental projects and their im-pact on tribal displacement and problems
of rehabilitation. Development of forest
policy and tribals. Impact of urbanization
and industrialization on tribal populations.

7.1Problems of exploitation and depriva-tion of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled
Tribes and Other Backward Classes. Con-stitutional safeguards for Scheduled Tribes
and Scheduled Castes.

7.2Social change and contemporary tribal
societies: Impact of modern democratic in-stitutions, development programmes and
welfare measures on tribals and weaker
sections.

7.3The concept of ethnicity; Ethnic con-flicts and political developments; Unrest
among tribal communities; Regionalism
and demand for autonomy; Pseudo-tribal-ism; Social change among the tribes dur-ing colonial and post-Independent India.

8.1Impact of Hinduism, Buddhism, Chris-tianity, Islam and other religions on tribal
societies.

8.2Tribe and nation state — a compara-tive study of tribal communities in India and
other countries.

9.1History of administration of tribal ar-eas, tribal policies, plans, programmes of
tribal development and their implementa-tion. The concept of PTGs (Primitive Tribal
Groups), their distribution, special
programmes for their development. Role
of N.G.O.s in tribal development.

9.2Role of anthropology in tribal and rural
development.

9.3Contributions of anthropology to the
understanding of regionalism, communa-lism, and ethnic and political movements.